Aging doesn’t happen in isolation.
A change in one hallmark can influence the others. Roots™ was developed around this scientific framework and brings together 29 carefully selected ingredients.
Below, we explore each hallmark and the ingredients studied in relation to it.
01
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Mitochondria produce the energy cells need to function. With age, their efficiency can decline, energy production becomes less reliable, and damaged mitochondria can disrupt cellular balance.
Ingredients studied in relation to mitochondrial function:
NR · CoQ10 · PQQ · ALCAR · Taurine · Magnesium · Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6 [2-4, 12]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
02
Cellular Senescence
Senescent cells have stopped dividing but remain active in tissue. As they accumulate, they can release signals that affect neighboring cells and the tissue environment.
Ingredients studied in relation to cellular senescence:
Fisetin · Apigenin · Trans-Resveratrol [5, 16]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
03
Loss of Proteostasis
Cells continuously build, fold, repair and break down proteins. When this quality-control system weakens, damaged or misfolded proteins can accumulate and interfere with normal cellular function.
Ingredients studied in relation to proteostasis and cellular protein recycling:
Spermidine · Glycine · Fisetin [5-7]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
04
Altered Intercellular Communication
Cells coordinate their activity through a complex network of signals. With age, this exchange can become less precise, while inflammatory and other stress signals can disturb communication between cells, tissues and the immune system.
Ingredients studied in relation to cellular signaling and inflammatory balance:
Fisetin · Apigenin · Trans-Resveratrol · OPC · Taurine [5, 12, 16]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
05
Genomic Instability
DNA is exposed to internal and external damage every day. When protective and repair mechanisms cannot fully compensate, errors can accumulate and alter the way cells function.
Ingredients studied in relation to DNA synthesis, repair pathways and protection from oxidative stress:
NR · Vitamin C · Zinc · Magnesium · Vitamin B9 · Vitamin B12 [8, 9]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
06
Epigenetic Alterations
The epigenome helps determine which genes are active and when. Over time, this regulation can become less precise, and cells may gradually lose part of their correct program and identity.
Ingredients studied in relation to epigenetic regulation and one-carbon metabolism:
CDP-Choline · L-Serine · Glycine · Vitamin B6 · Vitamin B9 · Vitamin B12 · Spermidine [6, 8]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
07
Telomere Attrition
Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes. They shorten as cells divide, and when they become critically short, the capacity of cells to keep dividing and renewing can decline.
Ingredients studied in relation to telomere biology:
Vitamin D3 · Vitamin C · Zinc · Magnesium · Trans-Resveratrol [10]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
08
Deregulated Nutrient Sensing
Cells use nutrient signals to balance growth, energy production and repair. With age, these signaling pathways can become less responsive, gradually disrupting metabolic balance.
Ingredients studied in relation to nutrient-sensing pathways:
Trans-Resveratrol · Spermidine · Fisetin · Apigenin · NR · Magnesium · Glycine [1, 2, 6-8, 16]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
09
Stem Cell Exhaustion
Stem cells provide new cells for tissue maintenance and repair. With age, their number or activity can decline, limiting the body's capacity for renewal.
Ingredients studied in relation to stem-cell function and cellular renewal:
NR · Spermidine · Glycine · L-Serine · Vitamin C · Zinc · Vitamin B9 · Vitamin B12 [8, 11]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
10
Disabled Macroautophagy
Macroautophagy is a recycling system through which cells break down damaged proteins and cellular structures. When this process weakens, cellular waste can accumulate and interfere with normal function.
Ingredients studied in relation to autophagy:
Spermidine · Trans-Resveratrol · Fisetin · Apigenin · Glycine [5-7, 16]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
11
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic inflammation is a persistent, low-grade activation of immune signaling. With age, it can be sustained by senescent cells, damaged mitochondria and changes in the gut microbiome.
Ingredients studied in relation to inflammatory processes and oxidative balance:
Fisetin · Apigenin · Trans-Resveratrol · OPC · Astaxanthin · Taurine · Glycine · Vitamin D3 [5, 12, 15, 16]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
12
Microbiome Dysbiosis
The gut microbiome is the community of microorganisms living in the intestines. With age, its composition and diversity can change, influencing digestion, immune function and communication between the gut and the rest of the body.
Ingredients studied in relation to interactions between polyphenols and the gut microbiome:
Trans-Resveratrol · Fisetin · Apigenin · OPC [13, 14, 16]
All listed ingredients are contained in Roots™ Ultimate Longevity Blend.
Roots™ • Ultimate Longevity Blend
Support your body where aging begins.
Scientific references
Selected sources supporting the biological framework and the research areas cited above.
[1] López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe. Cell. 2023;186(2):243-278. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001. Source
[2] Martens CR, et al. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nature Communications. 2018;9:1286. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03421-7. Source
[3] Dollerup OL, et al. Nicotinamide riboside does not alter mitochondrial respiration, content or morphology in skeletal muscle from obese and insulin-resistant men. The Journal of Physiology. 2020;598(4):731-754. doi:10.1113/JP278752. Source
[4] Chowanadisai W, et al. Pyrroloquinoline quinone stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through CREB phosphorylation and increased PGC-1alpha expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2010;285(1):142-152. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.030130. Source
[5] Yousefzadeh MJ, et al. Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan. EBioMedicine. 2018;36:18-28. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.015. Source
[6] Eisenberg T, et al. Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity. Nature Cell Biology. 2009;11(11):1305-1314. doi:10.1038/ncb1975. Source
[7] Morselli E, et al. Autophagy mediates pharmacological lifespan extension by spermidine and resveratrol. Aging. 2009;1(12):961-970. doi:10.18632/aging.100110. Source
[8] Ducker GS, Rabinowitz JD. One-Carbon Metabolism in Health and Disease. Cell Metabolism. 2017;25(1):27-42. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.009. Source
[9] Fenech M, Ferguson LR. Vitamins/minerals and genomic stability in humans. Mutation Research. 2001;475(1-2):1-6. Source
[10] Galiè S, et al. Impact of Nutrition on Telomere Health: Systematic Review of Observational Cohort Studies and Randomized Clinical Trials. Advances in Nutrition. 2020;11(3):576-601. Source
[11] Zhang H, et al. NAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice. Science. 2016;352(6292):1436-1443. doi:10.1126/science.aaf2693. Source
[12] Singh P, et al. Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. Science. 2023;380(6649):eabn9257. doi:10.1126/science.abn9257. Source
[13] Ferreira YAM, Jamar G, Estadella D, Pisani LP. Proanthocyanidins in grape seeds and their role in gut microbiota-white adipose tissue axis. Food Chemistry. 2023;404:134405. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134405. Source
[14] Bode LM, et al. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of trans-resveratrol by human gut microbiota. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013;97(2):295-309. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.049379. Source
[15] Aguayo-Cerón KA, et al. Glycine: The Smallest Anti-Inflammatory Micronutrient. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(14):11236. doi:10.3390/ijms241411236. Source
[16] Yahfoufi N, Alsadi N, Jambi M, Matar C. The Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Role of Polyphenols. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1618. doi:10.3390/nu10111618. Source
Scientific note: The references concern the biological framework and research on individual ingredients. They do not establish that the finished Roots™ formula modifies or reverses any hallmark of aging.